Édith Piaf
| Édith Piaf | |
|---|---|
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| Background information | |
| Birth name | Édith Giovanna Gassion |
| Also known as | La Môme Piaf (The Little Sparrow) |
| Born | 19 December 1915 Belleville, Paris, France |
| Died | 11 October 1963 (aged 47) Plascassier, France |
| Genres | Cabaret Torch songs Chanson |
| Occupations | Singer, songwriter, actress |
| Instruments | Voice |
| Years active | 1935–1963 |
Édith Piaf (French pronunciation: [edit pjaf]), born Édith Giovanna Gassion (December 19, 1915 – October 11, 1963), was a French singer and cultural icon who became universally regarded as France's greatest popular singer.[1] Her singing reflected her life, with her specialty being ballads. Among her songs are "La Vie en rose" (1946), "Non, je ne regrette rien" (1960), "Hymne à l'amour" (1949), "Milord" (1959), "La Foule" (1957), "l'Accordéoniste" (1955), and "Padam... Padam..." (1951).
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Early life
Despite numerous biographies, much of Piaf's life is shrouded in mystery.[2] She was born Édith Giovanna Gassion[3] in Belleville, Paris, a high-immigration district. Legend has it that she was born on the pavement of Rue de Belleville 72, but her birth certificate cites the Hôpital Tenon,[4] the hospital for the 20th arrondissement of which Belleville is part.
She was named Édith after the World War I British nurse Edith Cavell, who was executed for helping French soldiers escape from German captivity.[5] Piaf—a Francilien colloquialism for "sparrow"—was a nickname she would receive 20 years later.
Her mother, Annetta Giovanna Maillard (1895–1945), was of French-Italian descent on her father's side and of berber origin on her mother's.[6][7] She was a native of Livorno, a port city on the western edge of Tuscany, Italy. She worked as a café singer under the name Line Marsa.[4]
Louis-Alphonse Gassion (1881–1944), Édith's father, was a Norman street acrobat[8] with a past in the theatre. Édith's parents soon abandoned her, and she lived for a short time with her maternal grandmother, Emma (Aïcha) Saïd ben Mohammed (1876–1930). Before he enlisted with the French Army in 1916 to fight in World War I, her father took her to his mother, who ran a brothel in Normandy. There, prostitutes helped look after Piaf.[1]
From the age of three to seven, Piaf was allegedly blind as a result of keratitis. According to one of her biographies, she recovered her sight after her grandmother's prostitutes pooled money to send her on a pilgrimage honoring Sainte Thérèse de Lisieux, resulting in a miraculous healing.
In 1929, at 14, she joined her father in his acrobatic street performances all over France, where she first sang in public.[1]
She took a room at Grand Hôtel de Clermont (18 rue Veron, Paris 18ème) and separated from him, going her own way as a street singer in Pigalle, Ménilmontant, and the Paris suburbs (cf. the song "Elle fréquentait la Rue Pigalle").
She joined her friend Simone Berteaut ("Mômone")[4] in this endeavor, and the two became lifelong partners in mischief.[1] She was about 16 when she fell in love with Louis Dupont, a delivery boy.[1]
At 17, she had her only child, a girl named Marcelle, who died of meningitis at age two.[8] Like her mother, Piaf found it difficult to care for a child while living a life of the streets, so she often left Marcelle behind while she was away, and Dupont raised her until her death.[1]
Piaf's next boyfriend was a pimp named Albert who took a commission from the money she made singing in exchange for not forcing her into prostitution. One of her friends, a girl named Nadia, killed herself when faced with the thought of becoming a prostitute, and Albert nearly shot Piaf when she ended the relationship in reaction to Nadia's death.[1]
Singing career
In 1935 Piaf was discovered in the Pigalle area of Paris[1] by nightclub owner Louis Leplée,[3] whose club Le Gerny off the Champs-Élysées[8] was frequented by the upper and lower classes alike. He persuaded her to sing despite her extreme nervousness, which, combined with her height of only 142 centimetres (4 ft 8 in),[4][9] inspired him to give her the nickname that would stay with her for the rest of her life and serve as her stage name, La Môme Piaf[3] (Parigot translatable as "The Waif Sparrow", "The Little Sparrow", or "Kid Sparrow").[1] Leplée taught her the basics of stage presence and told her to wear a black dress, later to become her trademark apparel.[1] Leplée ran an intense publicity campaign leading up to her opening night, attracting the presence of many celebrities, including actor Maurice Chevalier.[1] Her nightclub gigs led to her first two records produced that same year,[9] with one of them penned by Marguerite Monnot, a collaborator throughout Piaf's life.[1]
On 6 April 1936,[1] Leplée was murdered and Piaf was questioned and accused as an accessory, but was acquitted.[3] Leplée had been killed by mobsters with previous ties to Piaf.[10] A barrage of negative media attention[4] now threatened her career.[1] To rehabilitate her image, she recruited Raymond Asso, with whom she would become romantically involved. He changed her stage name to "Édith Piaf", barred undesirable acquaintances from seeing her, and commissioned Monnot to write songs that reflected or alluded to Piaf's previous life on the streets.[1]
In 1940, Édith co-starred in Jean Cocteau's successful one-act play Le Bel Indifférent.[1] She began forming friendships with prominent people, including Chevalier and poet Jacques Borgeat. She wrote the lyrics of many of her songs and collaborated with composers on the tunes. In 1944, she discovered Yves Montand in Paris, made him part of her act, and became his mentor[4] and lover.[10] Within a year, he became one of the most famous singers in France, and she broke off their relationship when he had become almost as popular as she was.[1]
During this time she was in great demand and very successful in Paris[3] as France's most popular entertainer.[9] After the war, she became known internationally,[3] touring Europe, the United States, and South America. In Paris, she gave Atahualpa Yupanqui (Héctor Roberto Chavero)—the most important Argentine musician of folklore—the opportunity to share the scene, making his debut in July 1950. She helped launch the career of Charles Aznavour in the early 1950s, taking him on tour with her in France and the United States and recording some of his songs.[1] At first she met with little success with U.S. audiences, who regarded her as downcast.[1] After a glowing review by a prominent New York critic, however, her popularity grew,[1] to the point where she eventually appeared on The Ed Sullivan Show eight times and at Carnegie Hall twice (1956[8] and 1957).
Édith Piaf's signature song "La vie en rose"[1] was written in 1945 and was voted a Grammy Hall of Fame Award in 1998.
Bruno Coquatrix's famous Paris Olympia music hall is where Piaf achieved lasting fame, giving several series of concerts at the hall, the most famous venue in Paris,[4] between January 1955 and October 1962. Excerpts from five of these concerts (1955, 1956, 1958, 1961, 1962) were issued on record and CD and have never been out of print. The 1961 concerts were promised by Piaf in an effort to save the venue from bankruptcy and where she debuted her song "Non, je ne regrette rien".[4] In April 1963, Piaf recorded her last song, "L'homme de Berlin".
World War II
During World War II, she was a frequent performer at German Forces social gatherings in occupied France, and many considered her a traitor; following the war she stated that she had been working for the French Resistance. While there is no evidence of this, it does seem to be true that she was instrumental in helping a number of individuals (including at least one Jew) escape Nazi persecution. Throughout it all, she remained a national and international favorite.[11] Piaf dated a Jewish pianist during this time and co-wrote a subtle protest song with Monnot.[1] According to one story, singing for high-ranking Germans at the One Two Two Club[12] earned Piaf the right to pose for photographs with French prisoners of war, to boost their morale. The Frenchmen were supposedly able to cut out their photos and use them as forged passport photos.[12]
Personal life
The love of Piaf's life,[3] the married boxer Marcel Cerdan, died in a plane crash in October 1949, while flying from Paris to New York City to meet her. Cerdan's Air France flight, flown on a Lockheed Constellation, went down in the Azores, killing everyone on board, including noted violinist Ginette Neveu.[13] Piaf and Cerdan's affair made international headlines,[4] as Cerdan was the middleweight world champion and a legend in France in his own right.
In 1951, Piaf was seriously injured in a car crash along with Charles Aznavour, breaking her arm and two ribs, and thereafter had serious difficulties arising from morphine and alcohol addictions.[1] Two more near fatal car crashes exacerbated the situation.[8] Jacques Pills took her into rehabilitation on three different occasions to no avail.[1]
Piaf married Jacques Pills, a singer, in 1952 (her matron of honour was Marlene Dietrich) and divorced him in 1956. In 1962, she wed Théo Sarapo (Theophanis Lamboukas), a Greek hairdresser-turned-singer and actor [1] who was 20 years her junior. The couple sang together in some of her last engagements.[1]
Death and legacy
Piaf died of liver cancer aged 47 at Plascassier, on the French Riviera, on 11 October 1963[14][15] (according to some, 10 October[16] in Paris). She had been drifting in and out of consciousness for several months.[8] It is said that Sarapo drove her body back to Paris secretly so that fans would think she had died in her hometown.[1][12] She is buried in Père Lachaise Cemetery in Paris next to her daughter Marcelle, where her grave is among the most visited.[1]
Although she was denied a funeral mass by the Roman Catholic archbishop of Paris because of her lifestyle,[12] her funeral procession drew tens of thousands[1] of mourners onto the streets of Paris and the ceremony at the cemetery was attended by more than 100,000 fans.[12][17] Charles Aznavour recalled that Piaf's funeral procession was the only time since the end of World War II that he saw Parisian traffic come to a complete stop.[12]
The minor planet of 3772 Piaf, discovered by Soviet astronomer Lyudmila Karachkina in 1982, is named after her.[18]
In Paris, a two-room museum is dedicated to her, the Musée Édith Piaf[12][19] (5 rue Crespin du Gast).
In popular culture
Films
La Vie en rose, a film about her life directed by Olivier Dahan, debuted at the Berlin Film Festival in February 2007. Titled La Môme in France, the film stars Marion Cotillard in the role that won her the Academy Award for Best Actress (Oscar), as Piaf. Dahan's film follows Piaf's life from early childhood to her death in 1963. David Bret's biography, Piaf, A Passionate Life, was re-released by JR Books to coincide with the film's release.
Piaf's relationship with Cerdan was also depicted in film by Claude Lelouch in the movie Édith et Marcel (1983), with Marcel Cerdan Jr. in the role of his father and Évelyne Bouix portraying Piaf. The film Piaf (1974) depicted her early years, and starred Brigitte Ariel, with early Piaf songs performed by Betty Mars.
Plays
- Piaf (1978), by Pam Gems
- Piaf Piaf (1988), by Juha Siltanen and Jorma Uotinen
- Edith and Simone (2000 and 2006), by Ronny Verheyen
- Pure Piaf (2006), by Alex Ryer
- No Regrets (2009), by Scotti Sween (TheatreVision/Off-Off-Broadway)
- Piaf de Musical (1999 and 2009), a Dutch musical
Mentions in popular media
In 1996, Ari Folman released a near futuristic comedy Saint Clara. In this movie, Édith Piaf is repeatedly mentioned by many of the adults, who remember her seemingly from school, and prove that they are part of the leading culture, as opposed to the immigrants, but the children on both sides have no knowledge of her, and ask who she was. The movie ends with the local men discovering that the Russian immigrants were intimately familiar with Piaf.
In the film Inception (2010), her song "Non, je ne regrette rien" is used frequently to signal to the characters that they are about to be ejected from the dream. The film stars Marion Cotillard, who had portrayed Piaf in La Vie En Rose.
Songs
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Filmography
- La garçonne (1936), Jean de Limur
- Montmartre-sur-Seine (1941), Georges Lacombe
- Étoile sans lumière (1946), Marcel Blistène
- Neuf garçons, un cœur (1947), Georges Freedland
- Si Versailles m'était conté (1954), Sacha Guitry
- French Cancan (1954), Jean Renoir
- Música de Siempre (1958), sang La vida en rosa, the Spanish version of "La Vie en rose".
- Les Amants de demain (1959), Marcel Blistène
Theatre credit
- Le Bel Indifférent (1940), Jean Cocteau
Discography
The following titles are compilations of Édith Piaf's songs, and not reissues of the titles released while Édith Piaf was active.
- The Voice of the Sparrow: The Very Best of Édith Piaf, original release date: June, 1991
- Édith Piaf: 30th Anniversaire, original release date: 5 April 1994
- Édith Piaf: Her Greatest Recordings 1935–1943, original release date: 15 July 1995
- The Early Years: 1938–1945, Vol. 3, original release date: 15 October 1996
- Hymn to Love: All Her Greatest Songs in English, original release date: 4 November 1996
- Gold Collection, original release date: 9 January 1998
- The Rare Piaf 1950–1962 (28 April 1998)
- La Vie en rose, original release date: 26 January 1999
- Montmartre Sur Seine (soundtrack import), original release date: 19 September 2000
- Éternelle: The Best Of (29 January 2002)
- Love and Passion (boxed set), original release date: 8 April 2002
- The Very Best of Édith Piaf (import), original release date: 29 October 2002
- 75 Chansons (Box set/import), original release date: 22 September 2005
- 48 Titres Originaux (import), (09/01/2006)
- Édith Piaf: L'Intégrale/Complete 20 CD/413 Chansons, original release date: 27 February 2007
There are in excess of 80 albums of Édith Piaf's songs available on online music stores.
Édith Piaf on DVD
- Édith Piaf – A Passionate Life (24 May 2004)
- Édith Piaf : Eternal Hymn (Éternelle, l'hymne à la môme, Non-US Format, Pal, Region 2, import)
- Piaf – Her Story, Her Songs (June 2006)
- Piaf: La Môme (2007)
- La Vie en rose (biopic, 2008)
- Édith Piaf – The Perfect Concert and Piaf The Documentary (February 2009)
Books on Édith Piaf
- The Wheel Of Fortune: The Autobiography of Édith Piaf by Édith Piaf (originally written in 1958, 5 years before her death), Peter Owen Publishers; ISBN 0720612284
- Édith Piaf, by Édith Piaf and Simone Berteaut, published January 1982; ISBN 2904106014
- Berteaut, Simone; Boulanger, G. (translator) (1958). Robert Laffont. ed (in French, translated into English). Au bal de la chance (1965 (translation) ed.). Paris: Penguin. ISBN 978-0140036695. memoirs, written by stepsister
- The Piaf Legend, by David Bret, Robson Books,1988.
- Piaf: A Passionate Life, by David Bret, Robson Books, 1998, revised JR Books, 2007
- "The Sparrow – Edith Piaf," chapter in Singers & The Song (pp. 23–43), by Gene Lees, Oxford University Press, 1987, insightful critique of Piaf's biography and music.
- Marlene, My Friend, by David Bret, Robson Books, 1993. Dietrich dedicates a whole chapter to her friendship with Piaf.
- Oh! Père Lachaise, by Jim Yates, Édition d'Amèlie 2007, ISBN 978-0-9555836-0-5. Piaf and Oscar Wilde meet in a pink tinted Parisian Purgatory.
Édith Piaf in contemporary music
- Barbara Feldon sings Édith Piaf's "La vie en rose" in the 1966 episode of Get Smart entitled "Casablanca".
- Édith Piaf is mentioned in the song "St. Dominic's Preview" on the 1972 album of the same name by Van Morrison.
- Édith Piaf is mentioned in the song "My Mother was a Chinese Trapeze Artist" by The Decemberists on the EP "5 Songs" (2001)
- Édith Piaf is mentioned in the song "Piaf chanterait du rock" by Luc Plamondon, which was most famously recorded by Marie Carmen and Celine Dion.
- The song "Edith and the Kingpin" on Joni Mitchell's 1975 album The Hissing of Summer Lawns was revealed to be about Édith Piaf in an interview with Mitchell published in the February 2008 issue of Mojo.
- The Elton John song "Cage the Songbird", from his 1976 Blue Moves album, is a tribute to Édith Piaf.
- The Marillion song "Lady Nina" has the following line: "And Edith Piaf sings a lullaby for the night."
- Édith Piaf is mentioned in the song "Chocolate Cigarette" by Tom Russell and Sylvia Tyson on Russell's 1991 album Hurricane Season.
- Astrid Kirchherr (as played by Sheryl Lee) is identified as a fan of Édith Piaf in the 1994 film Backbeat; in the movie, John Lennon (played by Ian Hart) is portrayed as being somewhat disdainful of her, referring to her as "bloody Édith Piaf".
- Jeff Buckley, on the track "Last Goodbye" from his live album Mystery White Boy, asks the crowd in French 'Qu'est-ce que c'est Piaf?', before singing an impersonation.
- In his 10 October 2004 concert in Tiananmen Square, Beijing, Jean Michel Jarre performed a rock arrangement of "La Foule".
- In November 2008, the French group Mypollux released a rock arrangement of "La Foule".
- In the motion picture Saving Private Ryan the Americans find a phonograph and play a French record just before the last climactic battle begins. The captain (Tom Hanks) identifies the singer as Édith Piaf.
- The German band Rammstein borrows the lines "Oh non rien de rien, Oh non je ne regrette rien" for the song "Frühling in Paris" off their 2009 album Liebe ist für alle da.
- Martha Wainwright sings a collection of 15 songs made famous by Piaf on her album Sans Fusils, Ni Souliers, A Paris: Martha Wainwright's Piaf Record, released on November 24, 2009, by MapleMusic Recordings. All songs were recorded at Dixon Place Theatre in New York City during the summer of 2009.
See also
- Music of France
- French popular music
References
- ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.18 1.19 1.20 1.21 1.22 1.23 1.24 1.25 1.26 1.27 1.28 Huey, Steve. "Édith Piaf: Biography". Yahoo! Music. http://music.yahoo.com/ar-261423-bio--Edith-Piaf. Retrieved 3 September 2009.
- ↑ Morris, Wesley (15 June 2007). "A complex portrait of a spellbinding singer". The Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/ae/movies/articles/2007/06/15/a_complex_portrait_of_a_spellbinding_singer/. Retrieved 3 September 2009.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 Rainer, Peter (8 June 2007). "'La Vie en Rose': Édith Piaf's encore". The Vancouver Sun. http://www.csmonitor.com/2007/0608/p14s03-almo.html. Retrieved 3 September 2009.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 "Biography: Édith Piaf". Radio France Internationale Musique. http://www.rfimusique.com/siteen/biographie/biographie_6057.asp. Retrieved 3 September 2009.
- ↑ Vallois, Thirza (February 1998). "Two Paris Love Stories". Paris Kiosque. http://www.paris.org/Kiosque/feb98/love.html. Retrieved 9 August 2007.
- ↑ Her grand-mother Emma Saïd ben Mohamed was born in Mogador, Morocco in december 1876, « Emma Saïd ben Mohamed, d'origine kabyle et probablement connue au Maroc où renvoie son acte de naissance établi à Mogador, le 10 décembre 1876 », Pierre Duclos and Georges Martin, Piaf, biographie, Éditions du Seuil, 1993, Paris, p. 41
- ↑ Published by M.B. (26 April 2004). "Chroniques de Montréal: La voix kabyle d'Édith Piaf". Chroniquesdemontreal.blogspot.com. http://chroniquesdemontreal.blogspot.com/2007/03/la-voix-kabyle-ddith-piaf.html. Retrieved 1 April 2010.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 Ray, Joe (11 October 2003). "Édith Piaf and Jacques Brel live again in Paris: The two legendary singers are making a comeback in cafes and theatres in the City of Light". The Vancouver Sun: p. F3. http://joearay2.tripod.com/vancouversun/brel_et_piaf.html. Retrieved 18 July 2007.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Fine, Marshall (4 June 2007). "The soul of the Sparrow". Daily News (New York). http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/movies/2007/06/04/2007-06-04_the_soul_of_the_sparrow.html. Retrieved 19 July 2007.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 Mayer, Andre (8 June 2007). "Songbird". CBC. http://www.cbc.ca/arts/music/lavieenrose.html. Retrieved 19 July 2007.
- ↑ Amazon.com: "Know About Édith Piaf?"
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 Jeffries, Stuart (8 November 2003). "The love of a poet". The Guardian. http://books.guardian.co.uk/review/story/0,12084,1079383,00.html. Retrieved 19 Septembr 2007.
- ↑ Marcel Cerdan's tragic disappearance (1949) – Marcel Cerdan Heritage
- ↑ "Edith Piaf". Nndb.com. 27 December 1954. http://www.nndb.com/people/746/000092470/. Retrieved 1 April 2010.
- ↑ "Edith Giovanna Piaf (1915–1963)". Findagrave.com. http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=1334. Retrieved 1 April 2010.
- ↑ "Edith Piaf Profile – The Tragic Life of Edith Piaf – About.com". Worldmusic.about.com. http://worldmusic.about.com/od/bandsartistsaz/p/EdithPiaf.htm. Retrieved 1 April 2010.
- ↑ (French) Édith Piaf funeral – Video – French tv, 14 October 1963, INA
- ↑ Schmadel, Lutz D. (2003). Dictionary of Minor Planet Names (5th ed.). New York: Springer Verlag. p. 319. ISBN 3540002383. http://books.google.com/books?q=3772+Piaf+1982.
- ↑ Musée Édith Piaf